How to Typeset Equations in LaTeX

LaTeX is a very powerful tool for typesetting mathematical expressions. However, when looking at a typical document one often finds that mathematical equations that are too long to fit on one line or that consist of several equations in one block are often only poorly typeset in spite of the power of LaTeX.

This short introduction tries to show how a nice typesetting is done easily and efficiently. It includes an introduction to the less known, but very powerful tool 'IEEEeqnarray'.

Download:

  • How to Typeset Equations in LaTeX (PDF)(Version 4.6, 29 September 2017)
  • You may also download the Complete Package (.tar.gz-file) that also includes the source code of this manual, the IEEEtran-package, the official manual of IEEEtran, and some ideas for the Emacs.

Writer's Block was created for the Ludum Dare39 Compo in 48 hours. The theme was 'Running out of power'. It placed 23rd in Innovation and 25th in Mood (and 492nd in fun which is kind of the point with a writer's block;) ) Use WASD or the Left Stick to move. Writer’s block is a phenomenon experienced by writers that is best described as an overwhelming feeling of being stuck in the writing process without the ability to move forward and write anything new. Rambling Polymath Tobias Mann. 5 tried and true tips for beating writer’s block. Writer’s is just the worst, but it doesn’t have to be. Rambling Polymath Tobias Mann. Every writer should disable this setting right now. Early in my career as a journalist I learned an important lesson about computersand writing. I’d just gotten back to.

Explore the world of Mac. Check out MacBook Pro, MacBook Air, iMac, Mac mini, and more. Visit the Apple site to learn, buy, and get support.

More information about IEEEtran can be found on Michael Shell's website. An easy-to-read and very informative manual about LaTeX is The Not So Short Introduction to LaTeX 2ε by Tobias Oetiker.


English Grammar: Infinitive or ing-Form?

English is — in spite of what some people might say — a very difficult language. In particular it is very difficult to find rules that work. Nevertheless, I have tried to attack (or is it 'try attacking'!?!) one of my biggest English difficulties: when to use the infinitive and when the ing-form... Perhaps this might be useful for you, too! In any case, I would be happy to receive feedback!

Download:

Block
  • Infinitive or ing-Form? (PDF)(Version 1.6, 7 May 2012)

mygpg: Secure Password-File Management based on Perl and GPG

The number of passwords that I should be able to remember nowadays is far over 100. So unless I choose them all to be all the same or use some other very insecure tricks, the only way to survive is to keep a file with them written down. However, among all tricks that help with remembering passwords, this is about the most insecure and silly thing to do...!

My solution is to keep a password file, but to have it securely encrypted using one of the best encryption standard there is: the open-source and free program GPG. I use a separate and unpublished private/public key-pair only for that particular file. For more details about GPG, see my How-To of GPG.

So the only problem is how to access and edit the secure password file. I do not want to store the passwords unencrypted on my harddrive at any time, not even temporarily for editing! For that reason I have written a small script mygpg that accesses the file, decrypts it, invokes an emacs, and passes the decrypted information into a buffer of the emacs. At the end the emacs will take care of the encryption and will write the encrypted file back to disk. The unencrypted information is never stored anywhere but solely kept in the memory of the computer during the accessing/editing time.

System Requirements:

  • any UNIX-like system like Mac OS X
  • perl including perl-package Term::ReadKey and IPC:Run3 (use cpan Term::ReadKey and cpan IPC:Run3 to install)
  • gpg (fully set up)
  • Emacs

Installation:

  • Download mygpg (version 4.4, March 2019) and decompress it.
  • Put it anywhere you like, e.g., into ~/bin/, and make sure that the executable bits are set ('chmod a+x ~/bin/mygpg')
  • Edit the file 'mygpg' and change the value of the variables '$file' and '$gpgcommand' according to your encrypted file and the correct encryption command.

Usage: For normal use simply call 'mygpg'. The optional argument '-h' will print a short help message and exit. For calling the emacs inside the terminal (e.g., if there is no X11 environment) use the option '-t'. For only reading the file without the possibility to edit, the file can also be displayed using 'less'. To do so, use the option '-l'. To create an empty password file, use the option '-c'.


GnuPG: A Mini How-To

This very brief introduction to GPG is already some years old, but it should still be up-to-date (more or less...). I hope it is useful...
GnuPG for daily use: a mini How-To


Typesetting Chinese Characters in LaTeX: A very quick manual

Typesetting Chinese in LaTeX used to be quite a headache. I remember spending hours and hours in trying to set my system up. In the meantime, things have simplified considerably (or I have simply learned how to do it properly...). Here are some very brief instructions on how to proceed.

I distinguish two different situations: the case where I want to compose a large document containing a lot of Chinese characters and the case where I only need to incorporate a few Chinese characters (like, e.g., my Chinese name) in a otherwise Western document.

  • Large Chinese LaTeX document: Here the way to go is to use XeLaTeX. Every modern LaTeX installation comes with that fully functional, i.e., the setup should be trivial: you only need to include some packages and define the font. Try the following: Here, we have defined the default font of English text to be Times and the the Chinese characters will use BiauKai (this is the default Chinese font on Mac OS X for traditional Chinese). You can use any other font that is installed on your system. Simply check the names of your available fonts using any other typesetting tool like Word or similar.
    Instead of the usual latex, the document has now to be compiled using the command xelatex, which will generate a PDF directly.
    A couple of comments:
    • Do not use the package inputenc. The behavior of inputenc is already included in XeLaTeX.
    • XeLaTeX will automatically figure out what part of the text is in Chinese and what not. However, sometimes this decision might turn out wrong (for example for punctuation signs). Then you can force the choice using the fontspec-command:
    • The real strength of XeLaTeX is that any font available on your system can be used. This is also true for the English font. Try for example:
  • Only add a few Chinese characters in you LaTeX document: Here, you can keep using the normal LaTeX and add some more packages. Try the following: This document can now be compiled using the normal latex or pdflatex command.

Various Useful Shell-Scripts

Installation: To install any of these scripts, download the script, decompress it, and put it anywhere you like, e.g., into ~/bin/. Then make sure that the executable flags are set (chmod a+x script-name).

Usage: Simply type the name of the script into a terminal.

mp3move

The script mp3move (version 4.1, April 2009) is a script that I wrote when I needed to arrange the files on a MP3-CD: the script renames all files in the current directory as follows: firstly a given number of letters is removed from the filename starting at a given position (e.g., removing an old counting), then a new consecutive numbering is added in place of the removed letters. The numbering starts at a given point and has a fixed number of positions.

multicopy

The script multicopy (version 2.3, April 2018) copies all files starting with a certain string to a new file with a new name, preserving the original ending of the filename.

multimove

The script multimove (version 2.2, September 2010) renames all files starting with a certain string, preserving the original ending of the filename.

pdfa4toletter

The script pdfa4toletter (version 1.0, April 2013) converts a pdf-file in a4 format into letter format by cropping, not scaling. For more info, type 'pdfa4toletter' without arguments.
Requirements: This script requires pdfjam to be installed on your system.

pdfinsert

The script pdfinsert (version 1.0, January 2013) inserts a pdf-file into another one at a specified page. For more info, type 'pdfinsert' without arguments.
Requirements: This script requires pdfjam to be installed on your system.

pdflettertoa4

The script pdflettertoa4 (version 1.0, April 2013) converts a pdf-file in letter format into a4 format by cropping, not scaling. For more info, type 'pdflettertoa4' without arguments.
Requirements: This script requires pdfjam to be installed on your system.

pdfnupsmart

The script pdfnupsmart (version 1.1, May 2010) rearranges the pages of a pdf-file: two pages are put onto one page in such a way that the odd pages are on the right-hand side like in an open book. Moreover, to avoid problems with some printers, the file is then rotated to normal portrait style.
Requirements: This script requires pdfjam to be installed on your system.

pdfselect

The script pdfselect (version 1.0, May 2010) lets you pick an arbitrary range of pages from a pdf-file, similar to psselect. For more info, type 'pdfselect' without arguments.
Requirements: This script requires pdfjam to be installed on your system.

pdfsort(New!)

The script pdfsort (version 1.1, March 2021) assumes that you have scanned a pile of double-sided pages by first scanning all odd pages and then flipping the whole pile and scanning the backside of them (in backwards order). Thus, the obtained pages are in a wrong order. This script now resorts all these pages in the correct order. For more info, type 'pdfsort -h'.
Requirements: This script requires pdfjam to be installed on your system and makes use of pdfselect above.

Writer's Block (tobias Bruch) Mac Os Update

smv

The script smv (version 1.0, August 2015) is a 'save-move' command: it executes 'mv', but with filenames being changed with an added numeral in case the filename exists already at the destination. For more info, type 'smv' without arguments.

prefixadd

Writers Block (tobias Bruch) Mac Os X

The script prefixadd (version 1.0, October 2010) adds a prefix to all files ending with a particular string.

psnupsmart

The script psnupsmart (version 1.1, May 2010) rearranges the pages of a postscript-file: two pages are put onto one page in such a way that the odd page numbers are on the right hand side like in an open book.
Requirements: This script requires psnup and psselect to be installed on your system.

stuffzeros

When exporting photos from iPhoto, the numbering system is not UNIX-like: they are called photo-1.jpg, photo-2.jpg, ..., photo-10.jpg, etc. This way the numbering is not in alphabetical order which can cause problems with other programs. The script stuffzeros (version 3.2, June 2009) automatically corrects this. It will add zeros in front of the numbers so that the files afterwards are named photo-01.jpg, photo-02.jpg, ..., photo-10.jpg, etc.

suffixadd

The script suffixadd (version 2.1, October 2008) adds a suffix to all files starting with a particular string.

timer: A Simple Stopwatch in the Terminal (version 3.6, June 2018)

I sometimes need to have a simple stopwatch or timer (version 3.6, June 2018) handy, so I wrote this small Perl-script. Maybe someone else might find it useful, too...
Requirements: Your perl-system needs to have the perl-package Term::ReadKey installed (use cpan Term::ReadKey to install)

watchdog

The script watchdog (version 1.1, October 2008) regularly checks a file and informs by email if the file has been modified. This is done either once, or continuously until the file is renamed or deleted.


addrbook: Address-Management with Perl and LaTeX

Writers Block (tobias Bruch) Mac Os 11

Most available address-management tools have either too many or too few features for me. I have therefore started writing a small (partially LaTeX-based) Perl-script that takes care of my addresses: I keep an ASCII-file with the necessary information (name, address, telephone, email, birthday, remarks). The script then generates (via LaTeX) a printable version that I can carry with me. The advantages are obvious:

  • in a common address booklet with hand-written entries space is always too limited in some parts of the alphabet, while in other parts most entries are empty...;
  • if I lose my address-book, I just print it out again;
  • I don't need any computer, battery or what-so-ever to check addresses, however,
  • if I am online, I can search for addresses electronically;
  • I have added a lot of small additional features like
    • automatic alphabetical ordering
    • sub-groups of people (e.g., friends, business relations, emergency numbers, etc.)
    • listing of birth dates
    • an automatic birthday reminder e-mail
    • a web-interface for online search of your addresses! This can be included into your homepage as shown for example here.
    • The most recent feature is a calendar reminder system: either birth dates or general calendar entries (from a different or command-K). However, if you don't have the Mac OS X Server version there is no way to make this connection secure, i.e., everything that is transmitted over the Internet is clear-text, including your login and password! Furthermore, you have to open your computer at home to the world which includes a guest-access. While the guest-access is restricted, of course, you still might feel uncomfortable with it, particularly if you are sure that you actually don't need it.

      Solution: Open a SSH connection to your home computer (the remote computer) and then pipe your standard AFP connection through this SSH tunnel. Unfortunately, the commands to do so are very UNIX-like and cryptic. I have therefore written a small shell-script that will do everything for you. You only need to follow the following steps:

      • Start the terminal and type 'afptunnel'
      • Provide your password when prompted
      • The normal 'Connect to Server...'-dialog appears: log in as usual
      • The connection you establish is both secure and compressed, i.e., you even save bandwidth!
      • When you have finished, unmount your files by clicking on the eject button or by dragging it to the trash
      • Press enter in the terminal to disconnect the SSH tunnel.

      Installation:

      • Download afptunnel (version 2.2, December 2008) and decompress it.
      • Put it anywhere you like, e.g., into ~/bin/, and make sure that the executable bits are set ('chmod a+x ~/bin/afptunnel')
      • Edit the file 'afptunnel' and change the value of the variable 'TARGET_HOST' to match the IP-address of your home computer
      • On your remote computer (at home) open the System Preferences:
        • Sharing->activate Personal File Sharing
        • Sharing->activate Remote Login
      • If you want to disable the guest-access (and any other access that does not use the secure SSH connection), you need to setup your firewall to block Port 548. This way the 'Personal File Sharing' Service is blocked from outside and only available within your computer. Unfortunately, you cannot edit the OS X built-in firewall to do exactly this while Personal File Sharing is active. You need another interface to the firewall. A possible solution is the shareware tool Flying Buttress. A standard setting would be, e.g., about as follows:
        • Outgoing: Allow
        • Incoming: Deny
        • Remote Login (SSH): Allow TCP from Internet (any Port) to MyComputer (Port 22)
        With such a setup you actually block everything apart from SSH.
        Another possibility is to manage the firewall manually as described in Exploring the Mac OS X Firewall.

      For Advanced Users: For more options of afptunnel type 'afptunnel -h'.


      mailtunnel: Sending Mails If You Do Not Have an SMTP Server

      System Requirements: Any UNIX-like system like Mac OS X.

      Problem: You are using your laptop abroad and would like to send some email. Usually you then get into problems because you either

      • don't know the SMTP server of the net-access you are using,
      • there is no SMTP server on the net-access you are using, or
      • you don't trust the SMTP server of the net-access you are using.

      Solution: Open a SSH connection to your home computer (the remote computer) and then relay your mails via your home computer to your usual SMTP server at home. This way your mails look like being sent from home, your mails are securely sent through the unknown net-access you are using, and your mails are even compressed in case your net-access is slow! You only need to follow the following steps:

      • Start the terminal and type 'mailtunnel'
      • Provide your password when prompted
      • Tell your mail-program to use 'localhost' at port 1025 as SMTP server
      • When you have finished, quit your mail program and press enter in the terminal to disconnect the SSH tunnel.

      Installation:

      • Download mailtunnel (version 1.3, December 2008) and decompress it.
      • Put it anywhere you like, e.g., into ~/bin/, and make sure that the executable bits are set ('chmod a+x ~/bin/mailtunnel')
      • Edit the file 'mailtunnel' and change the value of the variable 'TARGET_HOST' to match the IP-address of your home computer and the value of the variable 'SMTP_HOST' to match the IP-address of your usual SMTP server at home
      • On your remote computer (at home) open the System Preferences->Sharing->activate Remote Login

      For Advanced Users: For more options of mailtunnel type 'mailtunnel -h'.


      - - _ _ _ _ / __ __ Stefan M. Moser
      [-] --__ __ /__ /__ Senior Scientist, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
      _ _ -- -- - _ / / Adjunct Professor, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
      / [] _ / / Web: https://moser-isi.ethz.ch/


      Last modified: Mon Mar 29 20:58:46 CEST 2021

Writer's Block (tobias Bruch) Mac Os X

A RAM drive (also called a RAM disk) is a block of random-access memory (primary storage or volatile memory) that a computer's software is treating as if the memory were a disk drive (secondary storage). It is sometimes referred to as a virtual RAM drive or software RAM drive to distinguish it from a hardware RAM drive that uses separate hardware containing RAM, which is a type of battery-backed solid-state drive.

Performance[edit]

The performance of a RAM drive is in general orders of magnitude faster than other forms of storage media, such as an SSD, hard drive, tape drive, or optical drive.[1] This performance gain is due to multiple factors, including access time, maximum throughput, and type of file system.

File access time is greatly reduced since a RAM drive is solid state (no mechanical parts). A physical hard drive or optical media, such as CD-ROM, DVD, and Blu-ray must move a head or optical eye into position and tape drives must wind or rewind to a particular position on the media before reading or writing can occur. RAM drives can access data with only the memory address of a given file, with no movement, alignment or positioning necessary.

Writer

Second, the maximum throughput of a RAM drive is limited by the speed of the RAM, the data bus, and the CPU of the computer. Other forms of storage media are further limited by the speed of the storage bus, such as IDE (PATA), SATA, USB or FireWire. Compounding this limitation is the speed of the actual mechanics of the drive motors, heads, or eyes.

Third, the file system in use, such as NTFS, HFS, UFS, ext2, etc., uses extra accesses, reads and writes to the drive, which although small, can add up quickly, especially in the event of many small files vs. few larger files (temporary internet folders, web caches, etc.).

Because the storage is in RAM, it is volatile memory, which means it will be lost in the event of power loss, whether intentional (computer reboot or shutdown) or accidental (power failure or system crash). This is, in general, a weakness (the data must periodically be backed up to a persistent-storage medium to avoid loss), but is sometimes desirable: for example, when working with a decrypted copy of an encrypted file.

In many cases, the data stored on the RAM drive is created from data permanently stored elsewhere, for faster access, and is re-created on the RAM drive when the system reboots.

Apart from the risk of data loss, the major limitation of RAM drives is their limited capacity, which is constrained by the amount of RAM within the machine. Multi-terabyte-capacity persistent storage has become commoditized as of 2012, whereas RAM is still measured in gigabytes.

RAM drives use the normal RAM in main memory as if it were a partition on a hard drive rather than actually accessing the data bus normally used for secondary storage. Though RAM drives can often be supported directly from the operating system via special mechanisms in the operating system kernel, it is possible to also create and manage a RAM drive by an application. Usually no battery backup is needed due to the temporary nature of the information stored in the RAM drive, but an uninterrupted power supply can keep the entire system running during a power outage, if necessary.

Some RAM drives use a compressed file system such as cramfs to allow compressed data to be accessed on the fly, without decompressing it first. This is convenient because RAM drives are often small due to the higher price per byte than conventional hard drive storage.

History and operating system specifics[edit]

The first software RAM drive for microcomputers was invented and written by Jerry Karlin in the UK in 1979/80. The software, known as the Silicon Disk System was further developed into a commercial product and marketed by JK Systems Research which became Microcosm Research Ltd when the company was joined by Peter Cheesewright of Microcosm Ltd. The idea was to enable the early microcomputers to use more RAM than the CPU could directly address. Making bank-switched RAM behave like a disk drive was much faster than the disk drives - especially in those days before hard drives were readily available on such machines.

The Silicon Disk was launched in 1980, initially for the CP/M operating system and later for MS-DOS. Due to the limitations in memory addressing on Atari 8-bit, Apple II series and Commodore computers, a RAM drive was also a popular application on the Atari 130XE, Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 systems with RAM Expansion Units and on Apple II series computers with more than 64kB of RAM. Apple Computer supported a software RAM drive natively in ProDOS: on systems with 128kB or more of RAM, ProDOS would automatically allocate a RAM drive named /RAM.

IBM added a RAM drive named VDISK.SYS to PC DOS (version 3.0) in August 1984, which was the first DOS component to use extended memory. VDISK.SYS was not available in Microsoft's MS-DOS as it, unlike most components of early versions of PC DOS, was written by IBM. Microsoft included the similar program RAMDRIVE.SYS in MS-DOS 3.2 (released in 1986), which could also use expanded memory.[2] It was discontinued in Windows 7. DR-DOS and the DR family of multi-user operating systems also came with a RAM disk named VDISK.SYS. In Multiuser DOS, the RAM disk defaults to the drive letter M: (for memory drive). AmigaOS has had a built in RAM drive since the release of version 1.1 in 1985 and still has it in AmigaOS 4.1 (2010). Apple Computer added the functionality to the Apple Macintosh with System 7's Memory control panel in 1991, and kept the feature through the life of Mac OS 9. Mac OS X users can use the hdid, newfs (or newfs hfs) and mount utilities to create, format and mount a RAM drive.

A RAM drive innovation introduced in 1986 but made generally available in 1987[3][4] by Perry Kivolowitz for AmigaOS was the ability of the RAM drive to survive most crashes and reboots. Called the ASDG Recoverable Ram Disk, the device survived reboots by allocating memory dynamically in the reverse order of default memory allocation (a feature supported by the underlying OS) so as to reduce memory fragmentation. A 'super-block' was written with a unique signature which could be located in memory upon reboot. The super-block, and all other RRD disk 'blocks' maintained check sums to enable the invalidation of the disk if corruption was detected. At first, the ASDG RRD was locked to ASDG memory boards and used as a selling feature. Later, the ASDG RRD was made available as shareware carrying a suggested donation of 10 dollars. The shareware version appeared on Fred Fish Disks 58[5] and 241.[6] AmigaOS itself would gain a Recoverable Ram Disk (called 'RAD') in version 1.3.[7]

Many Unix and Unix-like systems provide some form of RAM drive functionality, such as /dev/ram on Linux, or md(4)[8] on FreeBSD. RAM drives are particularly useful in high-performance, low-resource applications for which Unix-like operating systems are sometimes configured. There are also a few specialized 'ultra-lightweight' Linux distributions which are designed to boot from removable media and stored in a ramdisk for the entire session.

Dedicated hardware RAM drives[edit]

There have been RAM drives which use DRAM memory that is exclusively dedicated to function as an extremely low latency storage device. This memory is isolated from the processor and not directly accessible in the same manner as normal system memory.

An early example of a hardware RAM drive was introduced by Assimilation Process, Inc. in 1986 for the Macintosh. Called the 'Excalibur', it was an external 2MB RAM drive, and retailed for between $599 and $699 US. With the RAM capacity expandable in 1MB increments, its internal battery was said to be effective for between 6 and 8 hours, and, unusual for the time, it was connected via the Macintosh floppy disk port.[9][10]

In 2002, Cenatek produced the Rocket Drive, max 4 GB, which had four DIMM slots for PC133 memory, with up to a maximum of four gigabytes of storage. At the time, common desktop computers used 64 to 128 megabytes of PC100 or PC133 memory. The one gigabyte PC133 modules (the largest available at the time) cost approximately $1,300 (equivalent to $1,848 in 2019). A fully outfitted Rocket Drive with four GB of storage would have cost $5,600 (equivalent to $7,960 in 2019).[11]

In 2005, Gigabyte Technology produced the i-RAM, max 4 GB, which functioned essentially identically to the Rocket Drive, except upgraded to use the newer DDR memory technology, though also limited to a maximum of 4 GB capacity.[12]

For both of these devices, the dynamic RAM requires continuous power to retain data; when power is lost, the data fades away. For the Rocket Drive, there was a connector for an external power supply separate from the computer, and the option for an external battery to retain data during a power failure. The i-RAM included a small battery directly on the expansion board, for 10-16 hours of protection.

Both devices used the SATA 1.0 interface to transfer data from the dedicated RAM drive to the system. The SATA interface was a slow bottleneck that limited the maximum performance of both RAM drives, but these drives still provided exceptionally low data access latency and high sustained transfer speeds, compared to mechanical hard drives.

In 2006, Gigabyte Technology produced the GC-RAMDISK, max 8GB, which was the second generation creation for the i-RAM. It has a maximum of 8 GB capacity, twice that of the i-RAM. It used the SATA-II port, again twice that of the i-RAM. One of its best selling points is that it can be used as a boot device.[13]

In 2007, ACard Technology produced the ANS-9010 Serial ATA RAM disk, max 64 GB. Quote from the tech report: The ANS-9010 'which has eight DDR2 DIMM slots and support for up to 8 GB of memory per slot. The ANS-9010 also features a pair of Serial ATA ports, allowing it to function as a single drive or masquerade as a pair of drives that can easily be split into an even faster RAID 0 array.'[14]

In 2009, Acard Technology produced the ACARD ANS-9010BA 5.25 Dynamic SSD SATA-II RAM Disk, max 64GB. It uses a single SATA-II port.

Both variants are equipped with a CompactFlash card interface located in the front panel, allowing non-volatile data being stored on the RAM drive to be copied on the CompactFlash card in case of power failure and low backup battery. Two pushbuttons located on the front panel allows the user to manually backup / restore data on the RAM drive. The CompactFlash card itself is not accessible to the user by normal means as the CF card is solely intended for RAM backup and restoration. Note that the CF card's capacity has to meet / exceed the RAM module's total capacity in order to effectively work as a reliable backup.

In 2009, DDRdrive, LLC produced the DDRDrive X1, which claims to be the fastest solid state drive in the world. The drive is a primary 4GB DDR dedicated RAM drive for regular use, which can back up to and recall from a 4GB SLC NAND drive. The intended market is for keeping and recording log files. If there is a power loss the data can be saved to an internal 4GB ssd in 60 seconds, via the use of a battery backup. Thereafter the data can be recovered back in to RAM once power is restored. A host power loss triggers the DDRdrive X1 to back up volatile data to on-board non-volatile storage.[15][16]

See also[edit]

  • Cache (computing), an area to store transient copies of data being written to, or repeatedly read from, a slower device

References[edit]

Writer's Block (tobias Bruch) Mac Os 11

  1. ^Kind, Tobias. 'RAMDISK Benchmarks'(PDF). University of California. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  2. ^Zbikowski, Mark; Allen, Paul; Ballmer, Steve; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; Gates, Bill; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; McDonald, Marc; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; O'Rear, Bob; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; Paterson, Tim; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; Petzold, Charles; Pollock, John; Reynolds, Aaron; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). 'Technical advisors'. The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; Letwin, Gordon; Petzold, Charles; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: Microsoft Press. pp. 907–909, 948–951. ISBN1-55615-049-0. LCCN87-21452. OCLC16581341. (xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. [1]Archived 2018-10-14 at the Wayback Machine)
  3. ^Perry S. Kivolowitz (January 26, 1987). 'Overhead And Implementation Notes of ASDG RRD'. Newsgroup: comp.sys.amiga. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
  4. ^Perry S. Kivolowitz (January 21, 1987). 'ASDG Recoverable Ram Disk News'. Newsgroup: comp.sys.amiga. Archived from the original on January 22, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
  5. ^'README for disk 58'.
  6. ^'README for disk 241'.
  7. ^'Workbench Nostalgia: The history of the AmigaOS Graphic User Interface (GUI): Release 1.3'. Archived from the original on 2014-10-24. Retrieved 2014-09-30.
  8. ^md(4) – FreeBSD Kernel Interfaces Manual
  9. ^Groth, Nancy (January 27, 1986). 'Apple-Compatible Wares Introduced'. InfoWorld. 8 (4): 56. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  10. ^'What's New: Excalibur Adds Speed and Memory to Mac'(PDF). Byte Magazine. 11 (5): 38. May 1986. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  11. ^Mike Chin (2002-11-13). 'Blast off with Cenatek's Rocket Drive'. Silent PC Review. Archived from the original on 2018-02-03. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  12. ^Geoff Gasior (2006-01-25). 'RAM disk without the fuss'. The Tech Report. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  13. ^Geoff Gasior (2006-06-06). 'Gigabyte boosts i-RAM speed capacity'. The Tech Report. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  14. ^Geoff Gasior (2009-01-20). 'Solid-state storage from another angle'. The Tech Report. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  15. ^'DDRdrive X1: Solid-State Storage Redefined'. DDRdrive LLC. 2014. Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2018-10-05.
  16. ^Geoff Gasior (2009-03-04). 'DDRdrive hits the ground running'. PC Perspective. Archived from the original on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2018-10-05.

External links[edit]

  • Unix shell command line to create a RAM disk on Mac OS X
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